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Explain the misinformation effect and its implications for eyewitness testimony.

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Sheppard and Vidmar had some students serve as witnesses to a fight, while others took the roles of lawyers and judges. When they had been interviewed by the defence lawyer, the witnesses


A) gave testimony condemning the defendant as guilty.
B) gained self-confidence and claimed to remember more details.
C) gave testimony that was favourable to the defendant.
D) were less susceptible to the misinformation effect.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Discuss how group polarization and minority influence affect jury deliberations.

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Group polarization and minority influenc...

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What constructive steps can be taken to increase the accuracy and objectivity of jury members?

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Anna's lawyer is planning to launch an appeal after her conviction because he believes the jury botched the decision. Research suggests that Anna's lawyer should focus on jury members who


A) misunderstood key facts of the trial
B) had focused on irrelevant issues
C) gave in to unrecognized biases
D) all of these choices.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Inspector Delaney interrupts a witness she is interviewing to ask, "What time did you first notice the suspect?" According to researcher Ronald Fisher, what problem might Inspector Delaney encounter with her witness?


A) The witness will become more unsure of his testimony if he is asked questions.
B) The witness will become agitated if he is interrupted.
C) The witness will give less complete testimony if he is interrupted.
D) All of these choices.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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How do factors such as retelling and witness feedback influence eyewitness identification?

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Research indicates that eyewitnesses who remember trivial details of a crime scene


A) also tend to overestimate the degree of harm or damage done as a result of the crime.
B) also tend to be particularly suspicious of all unfamiliar faces.
C) are less likely to have paid attention to the culprit's face.
D) are more likely to have paid attention to the culprit's face.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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In research by Loftus and colleagues, students were shown slides depicting successive stages of an automobile-pedestrian accident. Results showed that


A) most witnesses did not notice the difference between a stop sign and a yield sign.
B) eyewitnesses were unable to determine whether the driver or the pedestrian had been at fault.
C) when the information was presented slowly, eyewitnesses' accuracy of recall became nearly flawless.
D) asking misleading questions caused distortion of eyewitnesses' memories.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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A prosecuting attorney is uncertain whether her eyewitness will seem credible to the jury. The eyewitness's testimony could help win a conviction, but the witness might be discredited by the defence attorney. What advice should the prosecutor accept?


A) Put the witness on the stand, since even a discredited eyewitness is more convincing than no eyewitness at all.
B) Don't put the witness on the stand, since a discredited eyewitness is worse than no eyewitness at all.
C) Put the eyewitness on the stand but admit your reservations about the witness's credibility before the defence attorney raises the issue.
D) Put the witness on the stand only if he or she is attractive and similar to the jurors.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Kalven and Zeisel found that ______ in 10 reached juries reached the verdict favoured by the majority on the first ballot.


A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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What are the chances that jurors will initially not agree on a verdict?


A) about 1 in 4
B) about 1 in 3
C) about 2 in 3
D) about 3 in 4

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Ricardo and Halle are the only jurors who strongly favour acquittal, while Soren and Eva are the only jurors who strongly favour conviction when the jury takes its first vote. What eventual outcome might you most expect from this jury?


A) The jury will vote to convict.
B) The jury will vote to acquit.
C) The jury will be 'hung' (undecided)
D) The jury will ask the judge for further instructions.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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After hearing evidence in a murder trial, 12 jurors tend to believe the evidence is insufficient to convict the 25-year-old defendant. According to the group polarization hypothesis, after the jurors deliberate,


A) they will be more convinced the defendant is guilty.
B) they will be more convinced the evidence is insufficient to convict.
C) they will be evenly split, with some convinced he is guilty and others convinced he is innocent.
D) they will be split, with a minority favouring acquittal and the majority favouring conviction.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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One eyewitness testifies that the clock on the wall showed it was 2:35 when the robbery was committed. His identification of the suspect differs from another eyewitness, who didn't notice the clock at all. Is one witness likely to give a more accurate identification of the suspect than the other?


A) The witness who noticed the clock will give a more accurate identification.
B) The witness who didn't notice the clock will give a more accurate identification.
C) Both witnesses will be equally accurate.
D) Not enough information is provided to answer this question.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Identify and discuss the three constructive steps that can be taken to increase the accuracy of eyewitnesses and jurors.

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1. Education and Training: One construct...

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In Wells and Bradfield (1998) , participants were asked to identify a gunman they had seen, on video, entering a store. After making a false identification but receiving confirming feedback, ______ percent rated their initial certainty as very high.


A) 100
B) 58
C) 10
D) 2

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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For judges, among the factors to be considered in determining eyewitness accuracy is "the level of ____________ demonstrated by the witness."


A) impartiality
B) interest
C) certainty
D) fluency

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Landon is a juror in a murder trial and is listening to the Crown and defence attorneys present their cases. The Crown lays out the evidence step by step from the background of the event to the end, fitting it all into place in terms of when it happened. On the other hand, the defence lawyer presents evidence as witnesses are called. All else being equal, which side would Landon be most convinced by?


A) The Crown
B) The Defence
C) Both will be equally convincing.
D) Neither side will be more convincing than the other.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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The text identifies all of the following questions or topics as pertinent to both social psychology and the law except:


A) How is the judicial function of a government related to its legislative function?
B) Can jurors ignore their prejudices?
C) How influential is eyewitness testimony?
D) How well do jurors comprehend important information (i.e., DNA) ?

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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