A) plants on land
B) hydrogen rising from Earth's mantle
C) marine organisms
D) calcite that has been heated to a high-enough temperature
F) All of the above
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A) hiring geologists to do geologic field work
B) money for four-wheel-drive vehicles
C) geophysical surveys and drilling
D) gas taxes
F) A) and D)
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A) intense fracturing associated with meteoroid impacts, like at Sudbury
B) deposition of large amounts of quartz and calcite in the rock
C) dispersing the copper-rich grains by wind and water
D) leaching by weathering and redeposition at the water table
F) All of the above
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A) Texas
B) Gulf Coast area
C) Rocky Mountain area
D) Pacific Northwest
E) California
G) A) and C)
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A) as iron-rich layers, called iron formations, in sedimentary sequences
B) within granite or sandstone
C) the mixing of different types of groundwater
D) groundwater that encounters ancient buried hills
E) all of these
G) A) and B)
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A) how well the geologic interpretation matches what is seen at the surface
B) a nicely colored geologic cross section showing the interpretation
C) a computer model showing an interpretation of rock layers at depth
D) drilling an exploration hole into the subsurface
F) B) and C)
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A) in the uplifted blocks within the mountains
B) beneath the large volcanic field in the center of the state
C) near areas where the rocks have been heated by uranium deposits
D) where coal deposits are present in the subsurface
E) near the hot springs of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system
G) A) and C)
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A) 1, a deep canyon
B) 2, strong, impermeable rocks in the abutment
C) 3, impermeable rocks in the floor of the reservoir
D) all of these
F) A) and D)
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A) 1, a deep canyon
B) 2, permeable rocks in the abutment
C) 3, permeable rocks in the floor of the reservoir
D) 4, fractured rocks next to a fault
E) 5, soft rocks that can mold to the dam
G) A) and E)
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A) the flanks of a salt dome
B) the upper part of a lens of permeable rock
C) the top of an anticline
D) the bottom of a syncline
F) B) and C)
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A) closely examine rocks on the surface
B) study how much soil has developed on the surface
C) begin drilling in any site just to see what is down there
D) conduct some type of geophysical survey
F) A) and B)
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A) rise toward the surface
B) are lighter than water
C) flow most easily through permeable rocks, such as sandstone
D) can be prevented from reaching the surface if they are trapped by impermeable layers
E) all of these
G) A) and E)
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A) coal
B) very fine-grained sedimentary rocks with low permeability
C) coarse-grained sandstone with high porosity
D) coarse-grained sandstone with high permeability
E) all of these
G) A) and D)
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A) permeable units above the unconformity and impermeable units below the unconformity
B) permeable units below the unconformity and impermeable units above the unconformity
C) permeable units above and below the unconformity
D) impermeable units above and below the unconformity
E) any of these
G) A) and C)
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A) a lack of hot springs indicating that the hot water is all trapped at depth
B) an area without recent volcanism which can disrupt the flow of groundwater
C) a shallow magma chamber, even one that is recently solidified
D) an area that lacks recent faulting, which can disrupt the continuity of aquifers
F) A) and B)
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A) folds
B) salt domes
C) sedimentary rocks
D) all of these
F) B) and C)
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A) the base of ancient stream gravels
B) veins formed by metamorphism
C) veins formed in calderas
D) large mafic to ultramafic intrusions
E) none of these
G) A) and C)
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A) Rocks adjacent to a rising salt dome bow upward. Petroleum migrates along these uptilted layers and becomes trapped when it encounters the impermeable salt.
B) A fault zone, if impermeable, can act as a barrier to migrating oil and gas, causing the oil or gas to accumulate adjacent to the fault zone.
C) An unconformity can act as a barrier to migrating oil and gas, causing the oil or gas to accumulate below or along the unconformity.
D) Coal or oil shale may be present within the rock.
F) A) and B)
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A) associated with coal mines in many regions of the U.S.
B) along deep oceanic trenches that are not adjacent to continents
C) in Africa and Australia
D) in lake deposits in the Rocky Mountains
F) A) and B)
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A) using solar energy requires a large investment in photovoltaic panels and other infrastructure
B) biomass energy can involve burning scrap wood and methane from landfills
C) ethanol is mostly produced from corn and sugar cane, which can also be foods
D) fuel cells use oxygen and hydrogen as a fuel
F) C) and D)
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