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Exam 52: Behavioral Ecology

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Question 31

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Natural selection favors altruism when the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the coefficient of relatedness exceeds the cost to the altruist. Which of the following best describes the coefficient of relatedness?

A) It is a measure of the fraction of genes that, on average, are shared between an altruist and the organism that it benefits.
B) It is the number of generations that separate an altruist and the organism that it benefits.
C) It is a measure of the difference in frequencies of altruistic alleles in neighboring populations.
D) It is a measure of the rate of mutations in altruistic alleles.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Question 32

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Which of the following types of sensory signals is brief and can work at night amongst physical obstructions?

A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) magnetic

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Question 33

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During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked the students why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which of the following best characterizes these hypotheses?

Use the following figure to answer the question. Based only on the information in the figure, which of the following claims is most consistent with the data?

Listed below are four types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the word or phrase (A-D) that is most associated with the following example. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. innate behavior D. imprinting A human baby performs a sucking behavior very well when it is in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. Which of the following mechanisms results in this behavior?

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly near the earphone and display behaviors associated with copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

When does learning have the most influence on behavior?

Which of the following types of displays are most effective for communication among nocturnal mammals?

What type of communication is used by nocturnal and diurnal birds and mammals?

You wake up in the middle of the night to use the restroom. You cannot see a thing in the dark and do not want to turn on lights, disturbing others sleeping near you. You have navigated your way to the restroom from your bed many times, and try to do so again. Which of the following most likely helped you remember your way?

Which of the following describes a way that some birds can navigate on an overcast night with solid cloud cover?

Listed below are four types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the word or phrase (A-D) that is most associated with the following example. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. innate behavior D. imprinting Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. Which of the following mechanisms results in this behavior?

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of 0.25?

Listed below are four types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the phrase (A-D) that is most associated with the following example. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. innate behavior D. imprinting A cat runs to its food dish when it hears the sound of a can opener. Which of the following mechanisms results in this behavior?

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other scrub jays with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you groups of scrub jays that do not engage in pretend caching. Considering this new information, which of the following is the best hypothesis?

Which of the following types of sensory signals is fast and can be detected only in daylight in environments with no physical obstructions?

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. Which of the following is most likely true about this species?

The head-butting behavior of male bighorn sheep helps to establish a mating hierarchy. Which of the following is illustrated by this behavior?

Which of the following best describes an important function of the vasopressin receptor gene?

One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. Which of the following would be the best cross-fostering experiment to determine, if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?