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Releaser pheromones


A) alter the recipient's physiology.
B) frequently have strong reproductive regulatory functions.
C) have an immediate effect on the recipient.
D) have a comparatively delayed effect on the recipient.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Electrical signals, such as those produced by weakly electric fish,


A) are easily distorted by obstacles.
B) are fairly crude as communication tools.
C) are undisturbed by suspended particles in water.
D) result in a tremendous amount of electrical "noise".

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Members of a social group, such as wild dogs or chimpanzees, not just mated pairs, frequently engage in communicative behaviors that serve to reinforce their social bonds. Many of these signals serve as an assurance of nonaggression. These signals are frequently


A) auditory.
B) chemical.
C) tactile.
D) visiual.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Some animals make sounds that humans cannot hear. Which of the following would NOT be likely to produce ultrasounds?


A) bats
B) cetaceans
C) elephants
D) rodents

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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C

Pairs of monogamous pipefish (Corythoichthys haematopterus) perform an elaborate greeting ceremony every morning, even during the nonreproductive season, and then have no further contact the rest of the day. It has been suggested that this "off-season" greeting ritual provides a means of


A) assessing their quality as mates.
B) coordinating their behavior and physiology.
C) determining whether the individual is, in fact, their mate.
D) maintaining their pair bond.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Bombykol (produced by a silk moth) , alarm substances, and the mammary pheromone (e.g., produced by lactating rabbits) are examples of


A) inhibitory pheromones.
B) primer pheromones.
C) releaser pheromones.
D) vomeronasal pheromones.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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A queen honeybee produces a chemical known as trans-9-keto-decenoic acid that, when distributed through the hive by workers, serves to inhibit the development of additional queens. The same chemical, however, in a different context can also serve as a(n)


A) alarm call.
B) sex attractant.
C) source of food.
D) way to uniquely mark individual workers.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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B

Herntenstein and colleagues (2006) describe a study in which human subjects were asked to send a tactile signal to another person that conveyed one of 12 different emotions. The recipient of the signal was then supposed to choose which of the 12 the sender was trying to communicate. Subjects tended to associate specific types of touch with specific emotions. For example, pushing tended to be associated with


A) disgust.
B) fear.
C) gratitude.
D) love.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Chemical signals, such as scent marks, often differ in terms of their odor mosaic, meaning that they each contain


A) different chemicals.
B) different proportions of the same chemicals.
C) only three or four highly distinctive chemicals.
D) primarily nonvolatile chemicals.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Animals that are most active at dusk and at dawn may make use of visual displays. These signals tend to rely heavily on


A) color.
B) contrast.
C) rapid transmission.
D) repetition.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Courting male fiddler crabs adjust temporal and structural elements of their claw-waving display in relation to female distance. As the female gets closer, the claw-waving display


A) appears to become more intense as the interval between each wave decreases.
B) becomes more idiosyncratic to that particular male.
C) is presented with increasingly large horizontal movements.
D) slows as the male's chance of a successful mating appears to increase.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Many amphibians, reptiles, and mammals posses a vomeronasal organ that is important in chemical communication. It is used primarily in association with


A) complex odor mosaics.
B) nonvolatile chemicals.
C) remote chemoreception.
D) volatile chemicals.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following would NOT be characteristic of a tactile message? Tactile messages


A) are not effective around barriers.
B) can be sent quickly.
C) can be varied in a number of ways.
D) make it rather difficult to locate the sender.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The presence and relative importance of one type of visual stimulus or another can be influenced by environmental conditions. For example, some species of shark possess conspicuous markings on their pectoral fins that enhance the visibility of a particular postural display. These species usually live


A) deep below the surface of the water.
B) in clear water habitats.
C) in large groups.
D) in water containing a lot of sedimentary material.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Many alarm signals cause those who hear them to flee or take cover. They tend to be


A) easy to locate.
B) fairly difficult to produce.
C) responded to by other species as well.
D) all of the above.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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When a female common tern (Sterna hirundo) compares the quantities of fish provided by her various suitors, she is most likely using his courtship fishing display as a means of


A) assessing his quality as a mate.
B) coordinating their behavior and physiology.
C) determining whether the individual is male or female.
D) maintaining social bonds.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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One way to define communication is as something that happens when a sender produces a signal that contains information that is transmitted through the environment, that is then detected by a receiver, who then interprets the signal and decides how to respond. This sort of definition may create some problems because it may inappropriately include the transmission of information that might more appropriately be described as a


A) cue.
B) display.
C) intention movement.
D) signal.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A signal transmitted literally at the speed of light would have to be a _____ signal.


A) auditory
B) chemical
C) tactile
D) visual

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A male mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) normally injects a courtship pheromone into the female's circulatory system with his teeth. When Houck and Reagan (1990) artificially treated females with either a pheromone-containing elixir or a saline solution, they found that the females that received the pheromone


A) actually took longer to become sexually receptive and to mate than the females that received the saline.
B) became sexually receptive and mated faster than did the females that received the saline.
C) did not become sexually receptive at that time. It turned out that the visual signals the male produced were responsible for the receptivity.
D) were no longer attractive to the male since he was not the one that applied the pheromone.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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B

When animals that spend most of their time alone need to find a mate, they need to send a signal that is easy to locate and effective over long distances. For this reason, ________ signals are frequently used for mate attraction.


A) chemical and auditory
B) seismic and electrical
C) tactile and electrical
D) tactile and visual

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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