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The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is


A) directive selection.
B) convergent selection.
C) disruptive selection.
D) stabilizing selection.
E) artificial selection.

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's


A) recessive traits.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) dominant traits.
E) gene pool.

F) None of the above
G) A) and E)

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Figuer: Figuer:    -The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides.What would happen in figure (b) if this heritability was 0.8? A)  The changes in average size would occur more slowly. B)  The changes in average size would occur more rapidly. C)  The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions. D)  No changes in average size would occur. E)  The fish would avoid predation. -The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides.What would happen in figure (b) if this heritability was 0.8?


A) The changes in average size would occur more slowly.
B) The changes in average size would occur more rapidly.
C) The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions.
D) No changes in average size would occur.
E) The fish would avoid predation.

F) A) and B)
G) All of the above

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Alleles conferring red plumage to male cardinals are common because red plumage


A) allows male cardinals to easily identify each other.
B) is helpful in attracting prey.
C) makes males less susceptible to predation.
D) is an example of genetic drift.
E) is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

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Malthus' ideas on population resource limits,was incorporated by Darwin as the summary that natural selection


A) preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.
B) preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population.
C) preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population.
D) neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?


A) 0.32
B) 0.16
C) 0.40
D) 0.04
E) 0.64

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

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The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s,and has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of


A) a bottleneck.
B) founder effect.
C) natural selection.
D) increased mutation rate.
E) gene flow.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

A) True
B) False

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At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,


A) allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next.
B) evolution does not occur.
C) allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
D) allele frequencies change from one generation to the next.
E) allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.

F) All of the above
G) B) and C)

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Darwin read which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?


A) Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
B) An individual's chance of survival is random.
C) More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
D) Species do not change over time.
E) Populations grow constantly.

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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